in the last episode we talked about how we can use proton beams to analyze ancient artifacts and gather data about uh where or when this ancient artifact was made uh based on cross-referencing the data that we have gathered from it to historical data that is available to us. uh and we're following up on the same concept of ancient artifact analysis and preservation in this episode, but this time using gamma rays and instead of using uh historical data using math, so so that's why we've come here to dr. sohrapur building, was one of the original founders of the irradiation application research school uh to find out how we can take advantage of gamma rays together, more data about the age of an artifact and how we can preserve it for future generation, so that's what we're going to be covering in this episode. of iran tech

with me your host ali razza, stay tuned. let's start by talking about preservation. uh, preservation against what exactly? well, preservation against org. organic material, that is to say microorganisms that exists within the the dirt or even the air, these microorganisms, mainly consisting of a fungy and bacteria can damage our artifact in many different ways, for example, let's say we have ancient painting and it consists of lot of different substances, so we have the piece of cloth that is the canvas and that can be torn as a result of disintegration of the particles within. that piece of cloth because

of the microorganisms, because they use the substances within uh the the artifact as nutritional material to live and to cultivate themselves. it can also damage and discolor the paint on this painting uh again because they can use the paint as some sort of of supplement for themselves and the wood can also be become brittle and fragile because of the disintegration. the bonds, the chemical bonds between the particles of the wood. uh, but there is a weakness that these microorganisms have that we can exploit in order to preserve these ancient artifacts from them, and that is the fact that all microorganisms, all living things in fact, have lot of water within them. but before we get into that too much, let's uh take a step back and uh get a closer look at some of the different types of damages. that these

microorganisms can uh affect uh the uh artifacts and then talk about the different ways that we can directly or indirectly uh preserve our artifact against these microorganisms. since historical artifacts are mainly made out of organic compounds, over time, they get exposed to biological changes. the living microorganisms on the surface of these historical artifacts will decay them. the microorganism destruction, which is mainly due to bacteria and fungy, include. consuming

the surface of organic compounds to grow and reproduce. as a result of this reproduction, the number of these microorganisms increase their mat on the surface of these artifacts. as well as this, it leads to the destruction of surface layers. in addition to that, the extracellular organic compounds secrete acids and enzymes that change the color of surface organic compound.

is free radicals with high kinetic energy. these high kinetic energy free radicals attack constituent molecules of microorganisms and decay them. the gamma rays directly affect the genetic materials of microorganism cells and decay and decompose them into different pieces. if microorganisms can successfully repair the damages in their genetic materials, they can regain their normal life, otherwise they will be decayed. one important thing which should be considered in historical artifact irradiation, is the inadverent impact of irradiation of surface materials. if surface materials can inter radiation, we will have a certain dosage of irradiation. in fact, we choose two dosage ranges, minimum and maximum dosages. we use that range to radiate

historical artifacts. this way we increase the longevity of historical artifacts. the primary goal is to keep these artifacts safe and sound and pass them down to the next generations. okay, so we now know that if the gamma rays don't directly damage or kill the cells outright, because well the cell has level of resistance to gammories and even in case of damage it can repair itself uh in some cases to an extent, then we need to..." take advantage of the water molecules surrounding this cell and use the gamma rays and the effect that it has on the water molecules to affect the cell indirectly, but in order to understand how the gamma rays, what happens a molecular level when the gamma rays hit the water molecules and how they

affect the genetics of the cell, we need to take a really closer look. the energy that the gamma rays carry thanks to gamma ray's high penetration power, gets to all microorganic. in on our artifact and damages the dna of said microorganisms which include various types of bacteria, fungy, spores and others that can damage or disintegrate our ancient artifact over time. the reason why gamma rays can damage biological molecules with high effectiveness is because of the fact that gamma rays are of the ionizing type of radiation, when the rays hit the dna of a cell, they can directly ionize the dna dna molecules, which leads to the dna helix breaking. if these tiers are not repaired by the cell can lead to various problems with cell function and can lead to its eventual death. the amount of the gamma irradiation must be controlled however, as too much

radiation can degrate not just the microorganisms, but the artifact itself, so it is crucial to have thorough understanding of what said artifact is made up of and control the... amount of radiation that are source, in this case cobalt 60 is emitting, while destroying the microorganisms with gamma rays, we have also managed to preserve it to a degree from future microbal or otherwise infections by sterilizing the artiffect and riding it of chemicals that microorganisms need to feed off of to survive. this method is particularly great for fragile artifacts or those that are prone to tears on contact. it is also environmentally clean. and residue free, there's no reason not to use it, well, unless the dosage is right, so uh, that's how we use gamma rays to preserve ancient artifacts and now let's talk about how we use gamma rays to uh date ancient artifacts uh that is to say

uh which not only which era in history they belong to, but also their actual age, so in the previous episode we talked about the vandday graph machine and how we used a... photon beam to date ancient artifacts, but we don't actually date the artifacts, we only say which era in history that artifact belongs to based on the type of elements, the type of material that we have found in our sample, so that's how we would date using that method, so we would cross reference the kind of material that we have found in our sample to when that kind of material was used the most in history, but with this method, the electroluminescence, the thermoluminescence method, uh we can actually determine the exact rather exact age uh of our uh artifact uh so and that works uh with the kind of radiations that our ancient artifact absorbs throughout time so in order to understand what i mean by thermoluminescence we need to take a closer

look at the basics of thermoluminescence and the science behind it so let's do that now in order to use thermoluminance dating method for historical samples: we need to determine two factors: the first one is the equivalent dose of the sample which has received throughout the years buried in its place, and the second one is the average annual dose rate existing in the samples place. the... radiations affecting our sample might be cosmic radiation or the radioactive radiations existing in the soil around the sample, in order to determine the age and equivalent dose, we have got to prepare very small amount of our sample, implementing proper techniques and provide certain types of crystal out of the sample, all in all, we only need one gram of the historical sample. after determining the proper size of the samples, werradiate the sample using various dosages of gamma and better rates, there is... result will be calibration curve for that sample. in order to determine zero dosage, we must extrapolate the data of this

curve and gain the first dose that our sample has received to determine the average annual dose rate existing in the sample's place. the commercial dozimeters of thermoluminescence with high sensitivity must be taken to the closest possible depths of the sample. they can be placed there for quite a long time. the environment irradiation. will leave its influence on them and then they will be taken to our laboratory. again, their thermoluminance radiation is measured there eventually after thermolaminance radiation measurements and also determining the density of radioactive material in the sample's bural place and other required data using our software we can estimate the age of our ancient sample with the approximation of few decades. the principle. in thermoluminescent stating is that certain mineral crystals trap electrons with their structure as they are

exposed to radiation, particularly galactic radiation that accumulates over time and is absorbed to different degrees at different depths of the earth, but we are mainly concerned with artifacts that are made up of certain mineral crystals like ceramic or some types of rock, especially ones that have come into contact with fire, like pottery or bricks, as the fire... had zeroed all thermoluminescence properties that the substance might have accumulated over time and makes it a lot easier to date, but to zero in on the thermal luminescence itself in what it entails, we need have an atomic scale look. in crystals, there are imperfections and defects that extend to the orbital structure of electrons and as radiation is absorbed by the crystal, electrons can become trapped in these defects instead of just moving up and... orbit as they gain energy. think of these defects as half orbits that

the electrons are trapped in, but as you heat up the artifact and the electrons gain some energy, they can break free from their trap and get back down to their original position, their original orbit if you will. in the process, some energy is released in the form of photons that are detected and based on their energy level, we can use it to date our sample. the thermo refers to the heating of our sample for the electrons to gain energy and the luminance refers to the light that is emitted as a result of the electrons releasing energy as they come back to their original place in orbit. so to recap, this is the... that we need to calculate if we want to get to the number uh which is the age of our ancient artifact and

on the top of this fraction we have the equivalent dose which is the total amount of radiation that our sample has absorbed throughout its life so since it was made up until the point we discovered it in the ground at the bottom we have dose rate which is average of the dosage that any sample would absorb over a certain period of time. based on the data that we have collected from the docimeters that we have planted in the ground at the depth that we found our sample in, and when you simplify this fraction, what you're left with is a unit of time. now this time is usually uh in years and this is how you can actually calculate the age of a particular uh ancient artifact sample and uh that was going to be it, so um this this is how we determine the age of sample and we also showed you how we use gamma rays uh to preserve ancient artifacts and that concludes our two episode series on how to analyze

ancient artifacts and also how to preserve them. hope you've enjoyed it and i'll see you in the next episode. six months into the mowing the grass strategy, the suttler genocidal israeli entity has dedicated immense effort to murder civilians and deprive the choice and right of resistance through suppression, invasions, assassinations and widespread arrests in gaza, just as it does in the occupied west bank. the science settler entity in palestine

is undergoing the same crises that previous settler projects have experienced, failing to eradicate the indigenous people. the countries where they were established before heading themselves towards disintegration and collapse. israel cannot regain the deterrance it pretended to have, therefore it practices comprehensive genocide. this is exactly why there will be no escape for this settler entity from the fate of similar settler projects that have disintegrated and collapsed. six months of genocide this week on the mid east stream.

the israeli aggression against the people of palestine has a long and tumultuous history marked by genocide, occupation and countless human rights violations. the palestinian struggle to liberate their country. stands as one of the most enduring and contentious resistance movements in modern history. its heart lies the issue of occupation with israel's presence in palestinian territories being a source of deep-seated grievances, violence and international concern. the roots the israeli occupation of palestine