♪ she was afraid to come out of the locker ♪ ♪ she was as nervous as she could be ♪ ♪ she was afraid to come out of the locker ♪ ♪ she was afraid that somebody would see ♪ ♪ tell the people what she wore ♪ ♪ it was an itsy bitsdy teen any yellow polka dot bikini that she wore for the first time today ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ i'm margaret brennan in washington. this week on "face the nation" climate change, the global economy and war in eastern europe all come to a head, as president biden prepares for an overseas summit with nato allies.

record-breaking heat is driving americans to seek cooler temperatures, even president biden hit the beach over the weekend to recharge before he left for europe. climate change is just one of the challenges facing the world. we spoke exclusively with treasury secretary janet yellen from beijing about her efforts to lower tension between the world's two largest economies, even as trade disputes ramp up. the war in ukraine reached the 500 day mark as president biden made what he called a difficult decision to send controversial cluster bombs to help defeat the russians. delaware democrat senator chris coons and ukrainian ambassador to the u.s. oksana markarova will join us. we'll take a look at a new push by the nation's governors to help children's mental health with utah's republican governor spencer cox. after a brutal week of blistering temperatures, can it get any hotter? the answer is yes. nasa's chief scientist kate

calvin will be here to explain why. it's all just ahead on "face the nation." ♪ good morning and welcome to "face the nation." we're going to take a closer look at the brutal heat that has settled in across the country during a later point in this broadcast, but this spoiler alert, the extreme weather is expected to intensify. another issue that's heating up, trade disputes between the u.s. and china. janet yellen is the second cabinet secretary to make a goodwill mission to beijing in the last few weeks. we spoke with her exclusively before she departed china. at the top of your meeting with the chinese vice premiere he acknowledged one of those awkward moments and mentioned the chinese spy balloon. he called it an airship. can you say at this point that tension has been smoothed over?

>> what i can tell you is i had a very constructive visit. i received a warm welcome and had very substantive series of meetings. i would say we had substantive conversations about the global economy, developments in our own economies, financial markets and last of concerns that each of us brought to the table that we agreed to follow up on over time. >> understood. the u.s. ambassador to china, nick burns, told me just lastt month ththat fouour or five different a american companies d been experiencing intimidation at the hand of chinese authorities, and he pointed towards an espionage law that had recently been rolled out. did you get assurances that american firms won't be intimidated? >> well, that certainly is one of the concerns that i

expressed. i had the chance to meet with american businesses and to hear about their concerns, but -- and certainly in my meetings, that is a concern that i raised. it's something that we will have further conversations about and try to address over time. >> the administration has taken some targeted national security focused measures that do impact trade and the economy, including some restrictions on high-end technology sales. the administration is reportedly also considering restrictions on computer chips related to artificial technology and cloud computing. do you have a sense of what the retaliation will be from china when the u.s. does this? >> well, an objective of my trip was to explain that national security is something that we can't compromise about, and we

will protect and we will do so even if it harms our own narrow economic interest rates. but that when we take such actions, which do have an effect on the chinese economy, that we will make sure that they are transparent, narrowly targeted, and well explained. this is a point that i tried to make in my conversations with chinese counterparts. i would point out that the chinese also protect their own national security through export controls and other similar devices, including controls on outbound investment. i explained that president biden is examining potential controls on outbound investment in certain very narrow, high-tech

areas, and that if we go forward with these, they will be, indeed, very narrowly targeted and not -- should not be something that will have a significant impact on the investment climate between our two countries. >> you're talking there, i think, about the long-delayed executive order that would put some restrictions on what american companies can do when it comes to investing in china. >> that's right. >> did you hear anything in your meetings that would make you tweak it, change it, pull back on it? >> mainly i tried to explain what it is that we're contemplating. it's still something being discussed in the administration, and the timing of it is not yet certain. >> this a chance that biden administration will drop it and

they won't issue this executive order? >> well, to final decision has been made, but as i've said previously this is something we're looking at very carefully. >> you did mention there an action china took with regard to export controls, meaning they have a stranglehold on a lot of critical minerals and they just blocked the export of two of them that are really essential for computer chips. how should people understand this? is this a warning shot? is this beijing saying, look at what we can do and if you take further restrictions, we'll ramp it up from here? >> well, i certainly expressed concern about this action, and contrasted it with the actions we've taken. our own actions are narrowly targeted to address national security concerns, and it's not clear that the actions that the chinese took are similarly

narrowly targeted at their national security concerns. so this is an area that i expressed concern about. >> do you mean -- are you suggesting there that it was just a retaliatory action? >> well, potentially. >> are you concerned that this is the beginning of an escalation? >> well, my purpose is to make sure that we don't engage in a series of unintended escalatory actions that will be harmful to our overall economic relationship with one another. we have had very little contact, both senior officials and also just the american people and the chinese people, have had very little contact with one another over the last several in part because of covid, and that's a

situation where misunderstanding can develop. we have a new team on the economic side in beijing, that it's important to establish person-to-person relationships and to open ongoing channels of communication where concerns can be aired and discussed. i do think my trip has been successful in forging those relationships and creating the opportunity for a deeper set of more frequent contacts at our staff levels. >> i was just in china. i know how much concern there is there about the slowing of the economy. are you concerned that the slowdown in china will have a negative impact and drag u.s. growth? >> well, that is a topic that i discussed with my chinese counterparts. we talked about the policy

actions that they think -- see as appropriate to stimulate their economy and promote what they describe as high quality growth, and i was able to better understand the actions that they do think are appropriate. >> how significant are the problems in the chinese economy? >> you know, i think that they've opened up their economy following its closure from covid, and are working through a series of issues relating to issues in the property sector, in real estate, and consumer spending there has rebounded a little bit less. consumers are showing more caution and saving more than many commentators expected, many economic forecasts expected, but my counterparts talked about

their perspective on this in the actions that they're taking. >> before i let you go, i do want to ask you about the economy here at home. what signals should americans at home be looking for to understand that economic growth will be back at a point like it was before the pandemic? >> it's my hope that -- and believe that there is a path to bring inflation down in the context of the healthy labor market and the data that i've seen suggests that we're on that path. >> the jobs number did suggest a little bit of slowdown there. is the risk of recession completely off the table from your point of law. >> -- point of view? >> it's not completely off the table, but we would expect with the job market as strong as it is now, to see a slower pace of ongoing job gains.

prime age labor force participation is at the highest level in several decades, so we've seen this strong job market. it tracked workers back to it, but as that stabilizes as a high level we should expect the monthly job gains to be coming down toward a more normal level. >> and you can see our full conversation with secretary yellen on our website or our youtube channel. we turn now to delaware democratic senator chris coons. good morning. >> great to be on set with you. >> i want to start with china. america's reliant on its greatest adversary for key things, missiles, for computer chips, electric vehicles. do we need a domestic industrial policy? why don't we have one? >> we do have one. that's what the chips and science bill that president biden signed into law last year, that the congress moved forward on a bipartisan basis, has delivered. tens of millions of dollars of

new investments in onshoring semiconductor chip manufacturing. a record number of new advanced manufacturing sites in the united states. there is more work for us to do on this in this congress and senator schumer and republicans in the senate are leading work on that. we have turned a corner on having an industrial policy in the united states that brings back manufacturing. that's the core of bidenomics. of rebuilding our economy from the middle out. >> we were talking about with the treasury secretary, august 1st china will stop the export of key minerals. to make those chips you need what china has. where do you get those from? >> china is in a commanding position on the processing of strategic critical minerals. the administration has a plan, has a program under way with a dozen countries around the world that are our allies and partners, who have untapped resources. i was just on a bipartisan trip to europe. we visited norway, which has critical minerals in abundance, several of them that we need

that china currently has. there is a plan and a path forward, and as long as we sustain our bipartisan support for it, i think there is a clear path to the transitional way from what is currently a dangerous dependency on china for the strategic minerals. >> i want to ask about europe. president biden is leaving today on this trip that will involve a stop at nato. i know that you have signed on to efforts to help sweden get into nato, but turkey is standing in the way. you've said you're fine withholding f-16s, those military equipment provisions to turkey, until they back down. are they going to? >> we'll have to see. president biden is directly personally engaged in this diplomacy. the greeks need and deserve security reassurances that lessening of tensions with turkey will continue. we are continuing to provide cutting-edge equipment like the f-35 to our critical nato partner greece, as long as greece is reassured sweden has

taken the steps to address turkey's concerns. i remain hopeful there will be a resolution of this before the summit. we have 31 members of nato today. there should be 32. adding finland and sweden to nato is a strategic defeat for putin. it means that no matter the outcome on the ground in ukraine, he has failed in his objective to divide and weaken nato because of president biden's leadership, nato is the strongest its ever been. >> you have another applicant, ukraine, as you know. the president gave an interview which he says he doesn't think ukraine is ready to join nato. have you talked to him about it and what does he need to see? they've been waiting since 2008. >> we can't admit ukraine to nato right now. there's a war going on that has to be resolved, that has to end with ukrainian victory. i was just on a bipartisan trip, as i mentioned, with senator murray, chair of appropriations, to meet with eu and nato leaders. it's important to keep in mind

that what the ukrainians are fighting for is full membership in europe and they are on track to join the eu. joining the eu also means improving their transparency, their rule of law, their civil society, which lays the foundation for nato membership in the future. >> president zelenskyy has said he knows it's in the future. it's not drawing the united states into a war, in other words, if he were to get in this week, which the white house said he won't. the president also said something about an israel-style assurance of defense for ukraine. that sounds very open-ended. we give billions of dollars to israel. what does that mean for ukraine? >> there has to be a security guarantee for ukraine going forward. >> for them -- >> for them to be conceivably admissble to nato, their equipment, their training, their military has to be up to nato standards. we are moving them in that direction. but i'll remind you, back in 1994 in budapest, the u.s., uk, and russia, persuaded ukraine to

give up their nuclear weapons. >> yes. >> in exchange for a commitment to a territorial security guarantee. some sort of security guarantee for ukraine has to be on the far side of this war, where so many ukrainians are fighting and dying bravely to push back out the russian aggressors who are occupying 20% of ukraine today. >> but you don't expect any firm assurances out of this week's summit? no timeline, no specifics? >> that's a decision for 31 nato members to make. my hunch is they'll make real progress on sweden and they'll make progress on sustaining our critical support in the middle of this counteroffensive but i don't think they'll leave with a specific timeline. >> president biden said that ukraine's military is running out of ammunition and that was a factor in his decision to green light providing cluster munitions. do you think that morally justified his decision to do this? >> i do. this was a very hard decision. the president really -- he listened to all sides --

>> did you speak to him about it? >> i did not speak directly to him about this decision. i weighed in indirectly through folks in his core team but he looked at core factors -- first we are running out of 155 artillery munitions. they are burning through them 6 to 8,000 a day. that's a million a year. we have a plan to bring back online the manufacturing of 155 shells at scale, but that won't happen for months. they are at risk of losing this counteroffensive if they run out of those shells. we have a large stockpile of 15 a shells that are cluster munitions. it's the ukrainians asking to be able to use these on their own soil and they've committed to monitoring their use, remediating them after the war and they will be tactically helpful against dug-in russian troops behind large mine fields. so weighing all of those factors the president made a tough call that i will support. >> you will support. i want to ask you as well about iran. the president'sen voy to aaron

iran, his name is rob malley, he told cbs he's on leave pending a review of his security clearance. he's so central to the nuclear talks and also the point of contact for the hostage families. have you been briefed on what's happening? >> i have not. >> is there -- >> his security situation i have not. >> in your key role on senate foreign relations i would imagine there is some oversight? there is reporting that the fbi is now involved. are you concerned? how should people understand this? >> look, i can't share anything about the fbi and what they are or are not doing with regard to the special envoy, but there is a lot of concern and interest in congress on that committee and potential negotiation with iran. the iranians are providing the russians critical drones and munitions for their aggression in ukraine. i think that puts even greater tension on any possible conversations between the united states, our regional allies and iran, and i think we need a

briefing to update the members of congress. >> on this matter as well as the talks? >> yes. >> do you think that the president should meet with the families of those hostages in iran? they have been asking for some time. >> you know i'm an advocate for the hostages broadly speaking, jason resian held in an iranian prison came home and received an irs bill in the mail as a result for unpaid taxes. i introduced a bipartisan bill to get rid of those undue, unexpected and unreasonable harms. yes, i think the president should meet with hostage families. he has a lot on his plate. he has been a strong advocate for recovering americans from overseas. as you know his administration led the return of brittney griner. i am hoping that there will also be movement in the case of a "wall street journal" reporter who is unjustly prisoned in russia as well. >> evan gershkovich. >> do you have reason to believe

that is moving forward? >> i have reason to believe the administration is working tirelessly on trying to return all americans unjustly detained. >> thank you for youour time th morning. >> thank you. >> "face the nation" will be backck in a momement. stay with h us. you hope the more you give the less they'll miss. but even if your teen was vaccinated against meningitis in the past they may be missing vaccination for meningitis b. although uncommon, up to 1 inin 5 survivovors f meningititis will hahave long t term conseqequences. now as youou're thihinking at alall the vaccccines your rn might needed make surure you ask k your dor if your r teen is mimissing meningititis b vaccicinatio. i'm sholeh, and i lost 75 pounds with golo. i went from a size 20 to a size 6. before golo, nothing seemed to work.

i was exercising for over an hour every day. it was really discouraging. but golo's so easy, the weight just falls off. now to the latest in ukraine. senior foreign correspondent charlie d'agata is in kharkiv with more. >> reporter: this morning, a tribute by president volodymyr zelenskyy and the polish president in western ukraine marking the world war ii massacre of tens of thousands of polls at the hands of ukrainian nationalists now united in memory of the victims. zelenskyy, marked day 500 of the invasion yesterday in a visit to turkey to bring back home the commanders of ukrainian's brigade. hahaving surrendndered to the russians after the siege of mariupol under a deal they were to remain in turkey until the

end of the war. instead, a hero's welcome ceremony in lviv and a vow to go right back to the fight. the specter of a major nuclear disaster has re-emerged at the zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant. both sides accusing each other of plotting to attack it. ukraine says russia is exploiting the threat as a deterrence to the counteroffensive, which has become a relentless grind against an entrenched enemy. the commander tells us it's been tough. the enemy doesn't sleep. in the year or so that they invaded us, he says, they have learned how to fight. it's one reason ukraine requested the controversial cluster munitions to help break through russian defenses, but ukrainians know firsthand the devastating effect they have on the civilian population. the prosecutor's office in kharkiv has collected a mountain of russian missiles and rockets

allegedly used against civilian targets here. we're told this is one of many russian cluster bombs found here in the kharkiv area, as it descends, it opens up ejecting smaller bombs expanding across a wide area. they're the same kind of weapons suspected in yesterday's shelling in the eastern city of lehman. at least 8 civilians killed, many more wounded. those cluster munitions will likely come up among nato partners in lithuania this week. for ukraine, they're, obviously, hoping for continued support and ultimately a path towards nato membership. margararet? >> charlieie d'agata, , thank y. we'l'll be rightht back.

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welcome back to "face the nation." we turn thou to the ukrainian ambassador to the u.s., oksana markarova. great to have you back with us. >> good morning. >> your president and our president said that ukraine's

running out of ammunition. how quickly will this latest u.s. package arrive and how quickly will it make a difference? >> first of all, let me say how grateful we are to president biden and to everyone for making this decision to provide us with tis munition. everyone is discussing how difficult it was and sometimes even controversial, but there is nothing controversial about. it we are fighting on our territory a brutal enemy. there is nothing worse than torture, rape and everything russians do on the territories they occupy and we need to liberate as quick as possible. we are really grateful that in times when we do need increased numbers of munitions to support our counteroffensive that u.s. made the decision and we really hope we will see it quickly on the battlefield >> so these cluster munitions drop bomblets and sometimes those bomblets don't explode right away and years later they can be a danger. i've met victims who have been blinded and maimed in places

where the u.s. dropped these dec decades ago. when the white house says ukraine has made assurances how it will use these, how do you do these and assure that civilians won't be hurt? >> first of all, let's remind where we start with. ukraine is the most mined country now already. russians mined everywhere, unexploded ordinances everywhere. we're doing a lot of demining. you asked, by the way, demining already now. with regard to this munitions that we will be getting from the u.s., first, they offer much higher quality to start with and second, as responsible as we are with all other american supply or european supplied munitions, we are controlling it. we have a very responsible way we use the nato type of log system to record every unit that ef we have and where it is. we will know where we use it,

how we used it. every time we liberate our territories, deminers are the first people that go there and try to make sure that area is safe. we will do the same. >> i imagine russia uses these on civilian areas. i have to imagine ukraine has pledged not to do that and only to use them on soldiers? >> oh, my god they use this and force and everything else specifically on civilian areas and destroying civilian areas. we will not do -- we will not use it in civilian populated areas. >> that's a war crime aspect that russia has been criticized for on this. when you heard president biden say ukraine is not ready for nato membership, what did you think? >> we are getting ready for nato membership. we know and we're doing very difficult reforms, even as we fight for it. what we are definitely ready for is for invitation. i think with regard to the nato

membership if you look at any aspect of it, ukraine is very ready in any number of aspects and if there is something left there we can do it later on. we're discussing now about the invitation. you know that in 2008, the open door policy towards ukraine has been adopted. we want not only the door to be opened, we want to be invited to come in. >> the white house seemed to close doors on that part of the invitation at least, but eventually allowed for ukraine to join nato. that seemed to be the signal the white house was sending on friday? >> the discussions are still ongoing and the discussion and, of course, it's the discussion that requires 31 countries to agree, and again, as, you know, with like with the european union membership, there is a path towards european union. we are a candidate country and we're working towards our full membership. similar approach we take with

nato. we want to be in nato. the majority of ukrainians support ukraine in nato. this is in our constitution. we have done the majority of reforms already to be nato eligible. we are ready to continue on that path and would like to see our friends in nato are together with us on this path. >> this week, the largest nuclear plant in europe, once again, was very much in focus on the frontline of this conflict. your president says ukraine has intelligence showing that russia will try to blow it up, that it has mined the area. the u.n. watchdog says they've only been able to search parts of the area, so far it looks okay, but there are two key reactors they want access to. what is the level of risk right now? >> the level of risk there is consistently high since march 4, 2022, since russians illegally occupied ukrainian nuclear station, so we just have to be clear from the start every time

we discuss the zaporizhzhia nuclear plant, the largest nuclear plant in europe, that the only source of risk there is russia. you add to that russia's absolutely irresponsible withdraw or suspension of the new start treaty, their decision to deploy the tactical nuclear weapons in belarus and it's clear we're dealing with a nuclear terrorist. look at chernobyl station which they also grabbed since they invaded us in february '22. as soon as russians are out of there, there is no risk. similar here. we all have to work together to get them out. because again, let me remind you about the car hov ka dam destruction russia did knowing how devastating it will be. the intent and there is no red lines for them there. we just have to stay focused and get them out from the station as soon as it's in ukrainian hands fully again, there will be no risks. >> does ukraine support what u.n. is calling for a safe zone

around it, so that ukraine isn't shelling in the area and neither is russia? >> all ukraine should be demilitarized from russian military. we have to get them out from everywhere in ukraine, not to allow them to create some safe zones for them inside ukraine. we're very responsible as you have seen during all this period towards the nuclear zaporizhzhia nuclear station. but the only answer to that problem is no russians there. it's ukrainian territory, it's ukrainian station, and there should not be occupiers, brutal occupiers, there. >> we will be watching what happens this week at nato and so good to have you bacack with us ambabassador. we'll l be right b back.

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we turn now to the republican governor of utah spencer cox. thank you for being here. >> thanks for having me. >> good to talk face to face. you're on this coast because of the national governors association meetings there, and the group is putting some special focus on mental health,

but broadly, protecting kids. when it comes to children, firearms are the leading cause of death among kids. the salt lake city tri tribune pointed out that at the state level, there's been an impulse to ban dangerous things for kids on many levels. you've talked about social media. you focused on transgender issues. but that doesn't extend to firearms. even at the state level. why is that? >> when you look at the gun numbers in the state of utah, those numbers increasing are not being driven by people getting caught in the crossfire or kids shooting each other. it's being driven specifically by mental health and suicide issues. now, we're doing more to help keep guns away from kids, keep them locked up, but what is it that's driving that desire to say life is not worth living anymore and how do we as a society collectively work to make sure the kids know that it is going to get better and there is a reason to stay here? that's a huge focus for us as

well. >> your state is the first, as i understand it, to restrict social media access by minors, although the law doesn't go into effect until march of next year. >> correct. >> you just had this judge this week make a determination that biden administration should be prohibited from discussing with social media companies anything that encourages, pressures or induces the removal, deletion, suppression or reduction of content. is that ruling going to affect what you are trying to do at the state level to protect young kids from harmful content? >> i don't think so. that's more of a content restriction. i'm sure we'll have social media companies suing the state of utah. we're going to be suing social media companies for the harm and damage that they're causing our young people. i suspect that at some point the supreme court will weigh in on this decision when it comes to restricting youth access. there's not just a correlation between social media use and an increase in suicide, anxiety,

depression, self-harm. there is a causal link there. >> there are 18 different states that have now enacted laws that restrict in some way access to gender transition care for kids. in utah, you have said that you are just pausing access to that kind of care. you're not banning it. do you have an end date to that pause? what specifically is the kind of data and research you need to see to say you will allow for it? >> we don't have an end date, but we do need more data and more information. this is such a charged topic. >> it is. >> that it's been -- it's been impossible, i believe, to get good information here in the united states right now because half the country doesn't want to touch it and the other half is convinced that they already know the answer. so i've really tried to look elsewhere at conversations that are happening in other countries, specificryally in europe, where it's not quite as

charged, looking at sweden and finland and france and the uk. other countries where they don't have the same culture war battles that we're having here. they're pushing pause. many countries are saying look -- >> which specific part of it. >> both? >> hormone treatment, puberty blockers, treatment? >> all of the above? >> the american medical association, american psychiatric association and american academy of pediatrics said this kind of care, they've rejected the claims it is harmful. >> all very political groups. i don't believe that they are -- those groups are politicized. >> american academy of pediatrics? >> yes. on this issue it's impossible to get unbiased information out of the united states right now on this issue. i don't believe it. >> just on the numbers 73 million children in the u.s., there were 56 again natal surgeries related to dysphoria

between 2019 and 2021 according to the study by komoto health and routers. >> do you have the numbers on hormone therapy and puberty blockers? >> what is the number? >> they're exploding. we went from ten ten years ago to several hundred this past year. those numbers -- and again -- >> in utah. >> utah alone. >> you don't know what's driving -- >> that's what scientists in other countries are trying to figure out where in the united states we're putting our head in the sand and saying we're not even going to talk about this or look about this, you can't have a discussion about it. other countries are saying, something is happening. hundreds in my state, thousands all across the country that are making requests for this. >> yeah. >> and they have -- they're presenting with several other mental health issues as well. >> the numbers we saw the trend is definitely up, but they're still pretty small in terms of surgeries and mastectomies. >> only in terms of surgeries. >> data -- >> the other data and you can look anywhere this is not

unique -- yes, there are -- >> the trend is up, sure. >> it's not just up. it's up exponentially. it's a hockey stick increase. >> it's still a small percentage, though. but i hear your point on wanting more data. can i ask you specifically about a bill that is now law that you have an interesting stance. you rejected the bill initially. your legislature overrode your veto and it's now law and it would bar transgender students from participating in girls sports. according to the reporting there were just four transgender players in the entire state out of 85,000 student athletes. at the time you argued for empathy when you vetoed this. you said, there are -- these are just four kids trying to get through the day. rarely is so much fear and anger been directed at so few. why didn't that call for empathy persuade your party? why did they need to write something to affect four kids?

>> in my veto letter, i said i agree with what you're trying to accomplish here. i think it is wrong to have a transgender female person who was born a male taking scholarships, records away from people. >> is that happening? >> the penn swimmer is the example of that, right. the example that everybody uses. and so that was my point. that should not happen. what we were negotiating in the state of utah was something that would allow some kids to play and others not to. depending on their physical capability. i do believe that there is a lack of compassion and people this in our politics today. we are -- we have a toxic division. the culture wars are happening. there are culture warriors on all sides that are, you know, trying to change, trying to get their way, cancel others, or prevent others from being able to do what they want to do.

and it's definitely a problem. i'm hoping that -- you saw an example of being a little better on that side. >> there are at least six current or former governors, republican governors, running for president right now. can any of them defeat donald trump in a primary? >> well, i -- >> to lead your party? >> i hope so. i like governors. i think governors are great and have real experience. the great thing about governors is we have to get stuff done, right. we can't just do the performance thing. you have to, you know, potholes aren't partisan. you have to do those kind of things. and i think we have lots of amazing choices, and i'm really hopeful that we can turn the page and try something else. someone who can win, which i think is important, and i think any of those governors could win and i certainly hope we'll give them a chance. >> governor, thank you. i'm glad to have you here in person and hope to have you back? thank you. it's been an honor.

>> we'll be back with a lot more "face the nation." stay with us.

last week saw four days of record temperatures and this

week is expected to be even hotter. we want to welcome to the program kate calvin, nasa's chief scientist and senior climate adviser. good morning. >> good morning. >> i'm excited to be able to ask you some of these questions that i think a lot of people are wondering this week in particular. why is the weather so extreme? can you explain that for nonscientists? >> yeah. so climate change is driving increases in temperature overall. we also have natural cycles that affect temperature. the yurn' hearing most about in the news is el nino or la nina. el nino years send to be warmer than la nina. 2022 was the warmest la nina year we had tied for fifth warmest overall. we're moving into el nino. the combination of climate change and el nino mean we're seing higher global temperatures and brings with it impacts all around the world to people, ecosystems, extreme events and other changes that are impacting communities.

>> so ocean temperatures are rising as i understand it and that factors into this. can you explain how? >> oceans absorb a lot of heat and we're seeing increases in ocean temperature. when we identify el nino it's based on ocean temperatures in a particular part of the pacific. the thing to keep in mind, oceans are actually -- land is warming faster than oceans so the places we live are warming faster than the ocean. while we are seeing increases in ocean temperatures we're seeing increases in temperature over land. >> nasa has been doing these reports where you're crunching the data to understand how to plan going forward. i was looking at one of them that says there's going to be severe turbulence with airlines over large regions of the northern hemisphere. are we already seeing that and why would that happen? >> so we're experiencing impacts of climate change everywhere around the world right now. there's different impacts in different regions. what's important to keep in mind is that climate change is more than just temperature. it's affecting things like the water cycle. we're seeing more heavy

precipitation events, more droughts, increases in extreme events like storms, and we can these and those impact how we travel, human health, agriculture and all aspects of our lives. >> with the planes, how certain are you this will happen or is it already happens happening? >> studies indicate you can see increases in turbulence linked to climate change. we have a large research team, we look a lot at how transportation affects climate, not just climate affecting transportation, but also how it affects it. we do a lot of research into making planes more efficient so they use less energy and generate less emissions and contribute less to warming in the future. >> there are also transportation issues along the mississippi river mentioned in the report. cargo shipments have been impacted by river levels. so how do industries who have to plan ahead and bases in have to plan ahead, take this into account? how prepared are we? >> so one of the things that we work on is trying to make sure people have access to the

information that can support planning. for river flow we launched a satellite in december called swat that's going to give us the first global survey of water running through rivers and lakes and we'll be able to see how much water is running through rivers and how that changes over time and that information can be used to better plan in the future. >> nasa would share that? >> all of our data is publicly available. one of the things we're working on now is making it easier to use so you don't have to process raw satellite data, but we give you an indicator you can use and interpret in your planning. we have a tool that's designed for farmers that helps them understand how much water their fields are losing so they can better plan their irrigaion. >> nasa also put out a report in may that says climate change is contributing to a rise in lyme disease possibly. more mosquito borne illnesses as well. seasonal allergies are getting worse. i know plenty of people complaining about their allergies the past few weeks. my eyes were watering. how concerned do people need snob >> so there are a lot of affects

of climate change on health. so in terms of mosquitos and other diseases that are carried by insects, what climate change can do is change where the geographic extend of those species. mosquitos need hot conditions and water to breed and climate change can change that extent so we see in places that have pla hair ya it could shift to latitudes or altitudes. pollen, one of the things we saw in the united states recently was wildfire smoke. wildfires fwhurng canada and the smoke from that came into the u.s. and led to air quality concerns across the eastern u.s. and we'll see more of that with climate change. >> more fires? >> so what climate change brings is more fire weather, so conditions where it's hot and dry and windy, more fuel for fires. dry vegetation that can burn and can also lengthen the fire season. we're seeing all of those changes. what we're trying to do is make sure people can be prepared for

it, so we can see where fires are burning now and see burn scars and burn perimeters and look at how emissions from fire move around the world. >> and that's what's interesting, this isn't just admiring the problem, you're coming up with here's something you can use to plan for the scenario. some of it sounds like a science fiction movie in terms of fear. there's something in here about frozen arctic soils unleashing ancient micro organisms. has that happened yet? >> so, you know, in the far north of the world, the soil stores a lot of carbon and methane underground. as that thaws scientists expect you would see more emissions associated with it. as you warm you could trigger more emissions and that's what's driving the warming we're seeing now is greenhouse gas emissions, things that affect those emissions will affect climate. >> you will continu to make this publicly available? >> all our data is publicly available and we continue to add to it and help better prepare

for the future. >> thank you. >> thank you for breaking it down for us nonsnscientists.s. we'l'll be rightht back. since takiking releasese, my sleleep way better.. my inflalammation has gone way downwn. i'm nonstotop now, i fefe waw bebetter ththan i did b before. i dodon't sit dodown in lifife anymore.e.

we don't usually nut put in a plug for rival broadcast networks, but we can't resist. tune in tonight to cheer on our own gayle king and her family that's them appearing on "celebrity family feud" tonight at 8:00. and, of course, tune in on monday morning to "cbs mornings" where you normally see gayle, tomorrow and every day. that's it for us today. thank you for watching. until next week, for "face the nation," i'm margaret brennan.

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