captioning funded by cbs and ford. we go further, so you can. >> this is fantastic. >> isn't it great? >> this is fantastic. here we go. >> ray dalio is one of america's most successful investors of all time. he has pledged to give half of his $15 billion fortune away to charity. >> it is mind blowing. >> he's an icon in the world of finance in part because of his management principles that includes what he calls radical truthfulness. >> i want a system in which the best ideas win out. >> so what's dalio prepared to say to "60 minutes" about the state of our economy today? >> student debt is a crisis. americans owe $1.5 trillion.

the burden for medical students is especially heavy. but now one of the country's top schools has come up with a radical solution. >> the n.y.u. school of medicine is now a tuition free medical school. ( cheers ) >> oh, my god! >> saving these students more than $200,000 each with the hope that: >> one day, if you're dealing with a patient who can't afford to have something done you might say "it's on me." >> it was the only ground campaign in north america during world war two. >> the japanese strike. >> after the japanese stormed an maybe it's because the place is so isolated. but tonight we'll tell you the story of the battle of attu and how a bible, a diary and two soldiers from opposite sides of the war came to define this

impossibly remote island. >> i'm steve kroft. >> i'm lesley stahl. >> i'm scott pelley. >> i'm anderson cooper. >> i'm jon wertheim. >> i'm bill whitaker. those stories, tonight, on "60 minutes." your brain changes as you get older. but prevagen helps your brain with an ingredient originally discovered... in jellyfish. in clinical trials, prevagen has been shown to improve short-term memory. prevagen. healthier brain. better life. what if we found a new team? season... ♪ what if our team was the fastest? outeam was the grimiest? ♪ what if our team was the biggest ♪

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news cameras full access to his firm, bridgewater associates... until now. he predicted the 2008 financial crisis. now, he sees a prolonged period of sluggish economic growth and the threat of a confrontation between the u.s. and china. but, there's a greater danger dalio wanted to warn us about, so we figured it would be a good investment of our time to do a deep dive on the principles of ray dalio. ( helicopter ) when a billionaire invites you to his boat-- you've got to go. it looks like a terrific day to be out on the water! especially if he sends a chopper to take you. we flew just north of nassau in >>take it doesn't look big enough. >> pilot: ( laughs ) >> whitaker: "alucia" is a 180-foot long research ship, and ray dalio's pride and joy.

wow, what a wonderful place to meet you! thanks for having us out here. dalio, who loves scuba diving, bought it nine years ago. he wouldn't tell us for how much, but he had it decked out with scientific gear, including submarines that can dive a half mile. this is fantastic. >> ray dalio: isn't it great? >> whitaker: this is fantastic. here we go. before we go deeper, we should tell you what's on his mind. dalio, who grew up middle class, is alarmed about the growing divide between the haves and have nots. he points out that over the span of a decade, america's lowest-paid workers had just a 14% chance of rising to the middle class. what has happened to the american dream? >> ray dalio: i think the american dream is lost. i think-- for the most part, we don't even talk about what is the american dream. and it's very different from when i was growing up. >> whitaker: but what's not

working? >> ray dalio: it's not redistributing opportunity. we can call it a wealth gap, you can call it an income gap. and so, i think that if i was the president of the united states, or-- it has to come from the top-- what i would do is recognize that this is a national emergency. >> whitaker: it's that bad? >> ray dalio: if you look at history, if you have a group of people who have very different economic conditions, and you have an economic downturn, you have conflict. in the '30s, for example, you had four major countries that were democracies, that chose not to be democracies because they wanted leadership to bring order to the conflict. i'm not saying we're going to go there. i'm saying that right now, it's a huge issue. it's unfair and, at the same time, it's unproductive, and at the same time, it's-- threatens to split us.

>> whitaker: dalio spends a lot of time thinking about where the markets and the world are going, here, at the financial powerhouse he built. bridgewater associates is tucked in the woods of connecticut, at the confluence of two rivers popular for fishing. it's 50 miles from the chaos of wall street. so you play it calmly? >> ray dalio: calmness is critical. you know, the emotions'll kill you. at 69, ray dalio bears little resemblance to any wall street shark. he's more like a quirky professor. dalio has joined fellow billionaire bill gates and others in their belief that the concentration of wealth in fewer and fewer hands is a threat to democracy. so should taxes on people like you be raised? >> ray dalio: of course. >> whitaker: you say, of course? >> ray dalio: of course. one way or another, the important thing is to take those

tax dollars and make them productive. >> whitaker: very, very recently, the idea has been that cutting taxes on people like you will promote productivity. >> ray dalio: yeah, i-- i-- that-- i-- that doesn't make any sense to me at all. any sense at all. >> whitaker: so, it's got to be through taxation? >> ray dalio: yes. am i saying something that's controversial? >> whitaker: it's just strange to hear it come from the mouth of a billionaire. >> ray dalio: i lived the american dream, you know? >> whitaker: his father was a jazz musician. his mom, a homemaker. dalio bought his first stock when he was 12, with money he earned as a golf caddy. today, dalio's firm manages $160 billion. it has all the excitement of an insurance agency. dalio's analysts don't chase t instead, they quietly study centuries of history, looking for patterns in stocks,

politics, anything to help buy winnvestments. dalio is especially bullish on china, which he predicts will be the greatest economy of the 21st century, and america's greatest rival. last year, his global approach helped him earn a remarkable 15% for his clients, while the dow dropped 6%. we see the successful ray, but you hit some bumps along the road, on the way here? >> ray dalio: yeah, of course. >> whitaker: like in the '80s, you kind of bottomed out? >> ray dalio: oh, yeah. the federal reserve is less able to revive... >> whitaker: back then, he was a wall street whiz kid-- absolutely certain a depression was on the horizon. >> ray dalio: the economy is now teetering on the brink of failure. whir:on very wrong. i read that you called yourself an "arrogant jerk?" >> ray dalio: oh, i was an arrogant jerk. ( laughs ) i had to borrow $10,000 from my

dad to take care of my family. >> whitaker: you-- your-- >> ray dalio: i mean, i was broke-- >> whitaker: --your musician dad? >> ray dalio: my musician dad. >> whitaker: had to cough up $10,000 to keep you afloat? >> ray dalio: yeah. and it was one of the best things really that ever happened to me, because it changed my whole approach to decision- making. it gave me the humility that i needed to balance with my audacity. >> whitaker: he took note of his failures, and other lessons over the next 25 years, and wrote "principles," published by simon and schuster, a division of cbs. two million copies of the book have been sold worldwide. it's dalio's recipe for creating what he calls an "idea meritocracy." >> ray dalio: so, what i mean is that i want a system in which the best ideas win out. and i would describe it as "tough love," and i want to get there through radical truthfulness. in other words, people say what they honestly mean, and radical transparency allows people to see things for themselves. >> whitaker: so does this get rid of the office back-stabbing?

politicking? >> ray dalio: oh, yeah, the-- oh, yeah. there's a rule here that you can't talk behind anybody's back. you do that three times, you're out of here. >> whitaker: everybody at bridgewater is monitoring everybody else almost all the time. we saw it at this meeting, where workers and managers gave each other grades in real time. what sort of grades do you get? >> ray dalio: you can see. like, i get blasted a lot. ( laughter ) >> whitaker: there's a bit of a big brother vibe here. that camera isn't ours, it's theirs. nearly every meeting is recorded and scrutinized. can you understand somebody looking at it from the outside, that sounds a little strange? >> ray dalio: no. i understand it. i understand. >> whitaker: it may be even a little creepy. >> ray dalio: i totally understand how that could sound that way. you also have to understand that when you're doing this a while, and you look at other organizations, and people are

not open with each other and they're hearing a lot of spin, that from this point of view, that seems creepy. >> whitaker: do you have a high turnover? >> ray dalio: i would say in the first 18 months, it's about 30%, maybe. a little over 30%. >> whitaker: but 30% sounds like a lot. >> ray dalio: some people describe it as an intellectual navy seals, you know. you go, a certain percentage are not going to make it, and that's the way it is. >> whitaker: think what you want, it's hard to argue with success. bridgewater has made money for its clients 25 of the last 28 years. this is other-worldly. >> buck: shipwreck over there. >> whitaker: a shipwreck? look at that. whether its investing or while your fellow billionaires, 're all ing inuteron musk,

space-- they're headed towards mars and the moon-- you choose to go down. why is that? >> ray dalio: well, i-- as i say, i find ocean exploration a lot more exciting, a lot more important than space exploration, right? and then, you think about it, it affects our lives so much more. >> whitaker: dalio routinely hosts scientists who have found new creatures in the deep, such as these, that generate their own light. there was also this off the coast of japan: a live, 26-foot- long giant squid. that's great. we didn't have that kind of luck, but we had plenty of company. >> ray dalio: so they'll have tiger sharks, bull sharks. >> whitaker: what kind is this? >> buck: that's a caribbean reef shark. >> whitaker: caribbean reef shark? >> ray dalio: sharks are beautiful, powerful machines. >> whitaker: wow, look at this.

>> ray dalio: i don't understand the resource allocation of space to the ocean. really, in terms of return on investment-- you know, i think about return on investment. the return on investment down here is fabulous. >> whitaker: as we went deeper, the ocean became barren. the coral once here was gone. a symptom of nature out of balance, and dalio says, a metaphor for what's happened to economic opportunity. >> ray dalio: if i come down here and i see the coral reefs are dying and the population is dying, i know that we're out of balance. it-- it doesn't take a genius to know that you're out of balance, and you should do something. >> whitaker: so lately, he's been putting his money into public education, to help restore economic balance to his handles th portfolio. the dalio foundation has just pledged a record $100 million to connecticut schools. so, you and ray are partners in

this endeavor? >> barbara dalio: we're not partners. ray has his passion, which is the ocean, and my passion is public education. >> whitaker: so, he does-- he does his passion and you do yours. >> barbara dalio: exactly. >> whitaker: the program takes a page out of bridgewater's investing strategies, by relying on data to closely follow student performance and behavior so teachers can help at-risk students. it's paid dividends in just three years. the number of kids on track to graduate in this high school is up by 8%. >> barbara dalio: it is so important for us to engage. >> whitaker: ray dalio has agreed to donate half his $18 billion fortune to charity, to help mend the system that made him rich. with the right and left at each other's throats, dalio warns, time is runnshor >> ray dalio: capitalism needs to be reformed. it doesn't need to be abandoned.

so, like anything, like a car, like anything-- a plane, a school system, anything-- it needs to be reformed in order to work better. >> whitaker: american capitalism is not sustainable. that's what i hear you say. >> ray dalio: yes, i don't think it's sustainable. we're at a juncture. we can do it together, or we will do it in conflict. that there will be a conflict between the rich and the poor. >> whitaker: which path do you think we will take? >> ray dalio: i play probabilities, and i would say it's probably 60-40, 65-35 that it will probably be done badly, and that it would be a bad path. but i'm saying, it doesn't have to be that way. by realizing that it is a juncture, maybe we can nudge, just a little bit, the probabilities, so that we can have a better outcome.

>> cbs money watch sponsored by lincoln financial, helping you create a secure financial future. >> good evening. british prime minister theresa may is urging lawmakers compromise to strike last-minute brexit deal. financial leaders meet in washington this week with global trade tensions rising. and big banks reported earnings this friday with lowered expectations. i'm elaine quijano, cbs news. introducing the all new chevy silverado.

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>> stahl: going to medical school today takes more than ambition, good grades in biology in college, and an appetite for hard work. it takes a willingness to incur a crushing amount of debt. student debt in general is in

crisis in this country. all told, borrowers owe $1.5 trillion-- more than people owe in credit card debt or on car loans. people have borrowed money to attend medical school for decades, but the scale of the debt has skyrocketed in recent years, along with just about every other cost in health care. the average medical student now graduates with a debt burden as big as a home mortgage. now, one of america's top medical schools, n.y.u. in new york, has come up with a radical solution. >> announcer: joseph babinski. tahl: tti the very fir day of medical school. the so-called white coat ceremony-- a rite of passage for 24-year-old joe babinski and his 100 classmates at new york university. >> joe babinski: it's kind of this transition point, where you go from being a potential student, to a member of the medical community, even if

you're at the bottom rung of the ladder still. >> stahl: yeah. ( laughs ) >> babinski: and it's-- it's a pretty significant experience. it marks the beginning of your journey, so to say. >> stahl: as he began that journey, joe was expecting to take on a great burden. how much debt did you expect you'd be taking on? >> babinski: i anticipated taking on about $200,000. >> stahl: i can't imagine starting life with that on your shoulders. but a lot of medical students, a lot of young doctors have that. most? >> babinski: i would say most. >> ezekiel emanuel: graduating medical school, 85%, 86% of students have debt. >> stahl: dr. ezekiel emanuel is chair of medical ethics and health policy at the university of pennsylvania. he says the prospect of so much debt prevents many people who could be great doctors from even applying to medical school. >> emanuel: most of us think that it really deters people from middle class and lower

income families. they look at $200,000, it seems like a huge mountain to climb. and it gets scary. >> stahl: and it compounds, because you're not paying it off. >> emanuel: correct. and-- >> stahl: so the interest grows. it gets worse. and that's a burden. i would think it-- it-- diverts attention from medical school as well, if you actually-- >> emanuel: i think people are stressed by it. >> stahl: third-year n.y.u. med student elaine deleon has felt that stress from day one. could your family afford medical school? >> elaine deleon: definitely not. ( laughs ) definitely not. >> deleon: we are looking for pericholecystic fluid. >> stahl: her family is originally from the dominican republic. her dad is a retired chef. her mother died years ago. she agonized over her dream of being a doctor because of the cost. how much did you have to borrow for your first year? >> deleon: i borrowed $76,000, and if i were to pay that off in-- on a ten-year plan, it would be $100,000 by the time i

paid it off. >> stahl: wow. and that's just your first year. >> deleon: that's just my first year. >> stahl: it's unfathomable. >> deleon: yeah. but i think that ultimately, like, a life of serving is more important to me. and that's really-- what-- what, like, cinched it. that i-- i needed to pursue this, despite the debt that i would be accruing. >> stahl: elaine's ambition is to be a primary-care doctor treating poor people, but she says that the debt burden forced her to consider a different choice. >> deleon: of course you hear the, like, s-- prime specialties, where you get paid the most. so you hear dermatology, you hear surgery, you hear all of these things. and so it's easy, when you're coming in, to be, like, "well, i paid a lot of money to be here, like, i should really get my money's worth and try to pursue these more lucrative specialties." >> stahl: even if you're not interested. >> deleon: exactly. or at least consider them. >> stahl: dr. rafael rivera is dean of admissions at n.y.u. medical school. what are the better-paying specialties?

>> rafael rivera: generally speaking, some of the surgical specialties tend to pay well. neurosurgery. you know, orthopedics pays well. the fields that tend to pay a little less are fields like pediatrics, and general internal medicine, family medicine. and-- >> stahl: and those are the doctors we have lacking. we don't have enough of those doctors. >> rivera: by 2030, we'll have a shortage of up to 49,000 primary care docs. >> stahl: that huge shortage, that distortion of the medical profession, is directly linked to the mountains of debt. and on the day of that white coat ceremony last august, n.y.u. decided to do something about it. something dramatic. after all the first-year students had filed back to their seats, ken langone, chairman of the board of trustees, and his wife elaine, let everyone in on a secret. >> ken langone: as of this very moment, the n.y.u. school of medicine is now a tuition-free medical school.

>> stahl: joe babinski was sitting in the front row, without a clue that was coming. >> babinski: and they announce that they are supplying full tuition scholarships for every student. >> stahl: did you think you heard them right? >> babinski: i-- i took a picture of the slide on my phone, because i-- i didn't want them to remove it and take it away. ( laughs ) so i was like, "i'm-- i'm documenting that this is happening." ( laughter ) >> stahl: but did you get it right away? we were there, and there was a sense of, "did i hear that right?" ( laughs ) >> babinski: i-- i still don't think i get it. >> stahl: sitting a few rows away, joe's parents, a municipal employee and a retired cop, had a similar, "did he just say what i think he said?" reaction. >> dad: oh, my god! >> stahl: this was the real-time reaction of another father. >> dad: oh, my god, oh! >> rivera: at students looking around at each other. >> stahl: "did i hear what he said?" >> rivera: yeah. there were-- there were gasps, there was some quiet, there was some screaming. and then, all of a sudden, the

chants started getting louder and louder. and before you knew it, the-- the audience had erupted into cheers of joy. ( cheering ) >> stahl: n.y.u.'s free tuition applies not just to first-year med students, but to every current student, in every class. they do still have to pay their own room and board, but for these students, it's a gift worth more than $200,000 each. >> langone: and these kids went nuts. one father yells out, "i told you you picked the right place!" ( laughter ) >> stahl: ken langone made his fortune as a co-founder of home depot. he and elaine donated $100 million toward the free tuition initiative, and he helped raise the additional $350 million needed to make it a reality. >> langone: well, that's my job here. >> stahl: to go out and ask other people for money? >> langone: oh, i go out, and i look at somebody nice like you, and i grab you by your ankles, and i shake you. >> stahl: the money comes out! ( laughs ) >> langone: and, when you promise me there's no more

nickels, i turn you right side up. but seriously? i have two jobs here. i'm a cheerleader, and i'm a fundraiser. >> stahl: tell us how this came about. >> langone: bob grossman, when he became dean, i sat him down. i said, "all right, boss, what are we going to do?" and he said to me, "one of the things i would love to have happen is for, one day, for us to be tuition-free." >> stahl: he said that right in the beginning? >> langone: 11 years ago. >> stahl: when he first came? okay. >> langone: 11 years ago. i said, "you know what, bob? let's do it." >> professor: and here's the way it works. >> stahl: it took more than a decade, but n.y.u. now has the endowment to offer free tuition to every med student, in perpetuity. >> langone: when we announced it, a mother, a pediatrician, came up to me, 30 years out of medical school, and she told me she was still paying off her medical school debt and she said, "this morning, when i woke up and i knew i was coming here," she said, "i was convinced i would be in debt when i died, to help my son become a doctor." these are great people. so, we just say, "you know what?

let's do what we can to help make it easier for them." >> stahl: do you think this is going to make you a better doctor? >> babinski: i think without a doubt it'll make me a better doctor. >> stahl: really? how does it affect that? >> babinski: for one, i won't be working while i'm in school. i can focus on learning the medicine and being good at it. >> stahl: and that pressure isn't on your shoulders. >> babinski: there's none. >> langone: i think about the mindset of a kid saying, "somebody did something for me. now, i've got to do something for somebody." okay? think of that. >> stahl: yeah. >> langone: that's a thing >> babinski: it is a lot. >> stahl: n.y.u.'s no-tuition model replaces what had been a patchwork system of scholarships and financial aid. now, every med student is on full scholarship, with absolutely no strings attached. this model says anybody who comes to n.y.u. medical school will come tuition free, as opposed to just the kids who need the money. >> emanuel: right. i like the-- a model which i call-- forgivable loans.

that you basically say to every student, "we're loaning you all of medical school. and if you go into primary care or one of these otherspeclties l community, like in south dakota, or you go into an inner-city community that's under-served, we're going to forgive your loan. on the other hand, you decide you want to go into one of those lucrative specialties, ophthalmology, or dermatology, or orthopedics, you're going to have to pay it back with interest. and i think that's a more effective way of getting the goals society wants, than giving everyone-- tuition free. >> stahl: whatever the model,mee allengrere me ol thathere were 40 years ago. 40 years! right now, more than half of all medical students come from the richest 20% of american

families, only about 5% from the poorest 20%. this means that wealthy areas have lots of doctors, and lower income areas don't. i know of so many communities in-- in poor areas, that don't have a doctor at all. no doctor. is there anything in this program that encourages people to go out there? >> rivera: if you are from a rural background, you do tend to go back to practice in a rural setting more often than people who are not from a rural background. if you are from an under- represented minority group, similarly, you also tend to go e announcement, applications to n.y.u. have boomed, especially from minorities. >> deleon: i think just the idea that a lot of people who come from backgrounds like mine, low income, without parents who are able to afford medical school, i think that it's a huge draw. and i think that it's a needed draw for the patient population that's served by n.y.u.

students. i think that there's a lot of folks at bellevue, where i work-- this is just anecdotal, but i would say at least 60% of the patients are latinos, and this is an excellent way to draw the right people to the right institution. >> stahl: how's your spanish? >> deleon: very good. ( laughs ) >> stahl: excellent? >> deleon: excellent. >> stahl: so they can-- you can really communicate with them. >> deleon: yeah. ( speaking spanish ) >> stahl: elaine deleon is in the final year of an accelerated three-year med school program, one year less than the norm. but when we saw her on the day of the announcement... >> deleon: you're not going to believe the news that just came out. >> stahl: ...calling her dad to give him the news? you wouldn't know she was saving just one year of tuition. >> deleon: already, i felt like one of the luckiest medical students in the country because i am in the three-year program. i'm already decided on primary care, i'm already going into this residency program here. and then all of a sudden it's, like, "oh, and by the way, like, your last year is free."

and it's like, it was just this incredible feeling of freedom. >> stahl: so do you think all the other medical schools are going to at least try one model or another of free tuition? >> emanuel: absolutely. >> stahl: they all will? >> emanuel: and-- and i-- i mean, i think almost all of the medical schools had been driving to that before n.y.u. made its announcement. and i think they will redouble their efforts. this has been a issue that most deans of medical schools are passionate about. >> stahl: they'd better be, because otherwise, those deans at harvard and hopkins and stanford are likely to see the very best medical students attending n.y.u.-- for free. >> langone: you have a right to push and say, "why didn't you make kids who could afford to pay, pay?" because we really wanted to be blind, in terms of the kids coming here. and we want them to know that they owe us nothing. that, one day, if you're dealing with a patient who can't afford

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>> wertheim: most of us learned in history class about the critical world war ii chapters in the fight against japan: pearl harbor, midway, iwo jima. but who among us learned about attu, site of the only ground campaign waged in north america during the entire war, and a surpassingly brutal battle at that? perhaps it's because attu is the westernmost point of the united states, the last jewel in alaska's necklace of aleutian islands. perhaps it's because attu's weather is so combative. ane island might be as difficule but, while the fight for attu has been exiled to the smallest of military footnotes,ew book to be published this week by simon and schuster, a cbs company, tells the story of how 76 years ago, a bible, a diary

and two soldiers from opposite sides of the war came to define the impossibly remote island of attu. we set out in search of history, flying across the volcanic chain of alaska's aleutian islands. our destination: attu. two plane stops and 1,500 miles from anchorage, attu is so far west that if you drew a straight line down from the island, you'd hit new zealand. we had taken off, not knowing if our plane could land on attu. >> mark obmascik: attu's home tt earth, the o >> wertheim: mark obmasciklier , spent seven years going through archives and soldiers' letters while researching his book, "the storm on our shores." he accompanied our team for the trip. only minutes from the island, a dense fog threatened to force our plane back to the nearest

air strip 400 miles away. then, the fog suddenly parted like curtains, and there it was: attu. >> wertheim: when you finally got there, what was that like? >> obmascik: it was so gorgeous. it was so green and wild and raw. >> wertheim: no one lives on attu today. the coast guard abandoned its station and the island nine years ago. >> obmascik: i just was struck by how such a beautiful place could spawn such sadness. >> wertheim: the sadness began in june of 1942.ke >> wertheim: six months after pearl harbor, 2,600 japanese soldiers invaded attu-- populated then by 42 aleutd. japanese arrive in 1942. are they expecting any resistance? >> obmascik: well, they didn't find it. they could've taken the island with a bullhorn. nobody on that island was armed.

>> wertheim: america feared that japan could use attu as a launching pad, to attack the west coast of the united states. >> obmascik: attu was the first u.s. soil lost since the war of 1812. so it was a propaganda victory for the japanese. >> wertheim: but one japanese soldier was conflicted. nobuo tatsuguchi had lived for ten years in america, finishing medical school in california. he called himself paul. >> obmascik: paul tatsuguchi fell in love with america. his girlfriend came over from japan. he proposed to her at yosemite national park. for their honeymoon, they went from los angeles to niagara falls on a greyhound bus. >> wertheim: quintessentially american? >> obmascik: you can't get more american than that. >> wertheim: paul tatsuguchi loved america's open roads, its skyscrapers and its ice cream. but in 1941, he was conscripted into the japanese army. he was a devout christian and a pacifist, forced into war. he brought his bible to attu. >> obmascik: paul tatsuguchi's

favorite bible verse came right out of deuteronomy. "choose life." >> wertheim: choose life. >> obmascik: choose life. >> wertheim: as chill winds whipped through attu, the japanese took to the mountains, digging foxholes and storing ammunition in sheds that can still be found on attu today. as a medic, tatsuguchi hunkered down in a makeshift hospital in what's called the jarmin pass, waiting for the inevitable american counter-invasion. in may 1943, 11,000 americans-fe united states. riding on one of the boats, private harry sasser. what he heard about attu sounded ominous. >> harry storms came up just suddenly. i mean, in seconds. >>ckhen, he was a mississippi boy, assured he wouldn't be on attu for long. >> sasser: we were told it would be about three days. that would be it.

but that wasn't the case. the japanese were very tenacious fighters. >> wertheim: the primary force of u.s. troops landed on this beach. >> obmascik: so u.s. troops land on the shore. your adrenaline's pumping. you're expecting to be shot. and instead, nothing. all they find is black muck. >> wertheim: black muck. it seemed to swallow the troops on the beach with every slogging step. the japanese were hiding in the mountain fog, their snipers waiting to pick off the americans once they crawled up the valley. >> obmascik: the japanese would follow the fog up and down. for u.s. servicemen, they said it was like trying to shoot birds out of a cloud. >> wertheim: paul tatsuguchi began writing a diary. on the second day of the battle he noted, "took care of patients during bombardment. our desperate defense is holding up well." but the americans' four-to-one advantage in troops eventually exacted a toll, and by may 29, three weeks into the battle, the

japanese were doomed. and so, the japanese commander organizes a final banzai attack. and paul tatsuguchi sits down at his diary and writes his final entry. "goodbye, taeko, my beloved wife who loved me to the last." and then he bid farewell to his daughters-- his younger one, "born february of this year and gone without seeing your father." hours after writing those words, paul tatsuguchi left his bible behind, and advanced to an below were unsuspecting american soldiers, like dick laird, an army sargeant from appalachia. dick laird was a tough guy. but all the american training was that japanese troops were bloodthirsty killing machines. and how did dick laird and paul tatsuguchi, how did they collide? >> obmascik: dick laird looks up the knoll and sees that a group of japanese soldiers has

captured an american mortar. and so, laird pulls out two grenades. he pulls the pin, and then he throws it. the grenade explodes, and laird finds that some troops who are alive. and he and a fellow soldier kill them. >> wertheim: he kills eight japanese men. >> obmascik: he does. and he wins the silver star for it. >> wertheim: on one of them, he notices something unusual. what was that? >> obmascik: there is an address book that's full of some names from california. and there is a sheet, the diary. >> wertheim: whose personal effects were those? >> obmascik: he found the diary of paul tatsuguchi, whom he had killed as tatsuguchi was joinint and the japanese occupation ofet day, w500 defe soldiers gd on this harry sasser witnessed the mass suicide. >> sasser: they pulled the trigger on a hand grenade and just blew their stomach out.

>> draggan mihailovich: a gruesome scene? >> sasser: it was, oh, it was. it was-- it was tough. >> obmascik: the code was death before dishonor, and of more than 2,600 japanese men who started, only 28 survived. >> wertheim: 28? >> obmascik: the only battle in the war in the pacific that had a worse casualty rate was at iwo jima. >> wertheim: 549 americans were killed on attu. more than 3,000 were wounded or suffered weather-related injuries. dick laird survived. he turned over paul tatsuguchi's diary to superiors. instead of containing military secrets, the diary contained human sentiments. so much so, english translations harry sasser read a copy in mississippi. >> sasser: well, it was-- it was a compelling account. and as he bid farewell to his wife and to his, his daughter.

i, i, i sympathized with him. >> wertheim: what was dick laird's reaction to reading the diary? >> obmascik: crestfallen, but angry, because tatsuguchi was one of the eight guys who had captured the mortar and, here, they were going to try to kill him. but at the same time, laird could see that tatsuguchi loved his family and that he was human. >> wertheim: dick laird never forgot about may 29, 1943. >> obmascik: dick laird did not. he suffered nightmares for years. he just kept coming back, thinking that "i killed a guy who shouldn't have been there. you know, i, i, i killed a father." >> wertheim: 41 years after dick laird had fought on attu, he pulled up to this home in sherman oaks, californ >> wertheim: did he seem nervous? >> laura tatsuguchi davis: yes, he seemed nervous. >> wertheim: this is laura tatsuguchi davis, the younger daughter paul had never met. after the war, she moved with her mother to the place her father loved, southern california.

laura didn't quite understand why dick laird showed up. >> davis: he didn't tell me anything until i walked him out. and when we walked out, he said, "i'm the one that killed your father." and he just drove off. and i was in, i was in a daze. >> wertheim: you were in shock. >> davis: totally in shock. >> wertheim: did you have anger or resentment toward mr. laird? >> davis: yes, i did. >> wertheim: laird had left his phone number with laura, but she refused to reach out. a decade later, another american veteran of attu tracked down laura. alvin koeppe of michigan wrote this letter. he wanted to return something he had found in 1943 on attu's jarmin pass. >> davis: this is the bible that was found by the jarmin pass. >> wertheim: this is the bible your father took to war. >> davis: yes. >> wertheim: oh, wow. >> davis: and he writes in the

very first page of the bible, "therefore, choose life." >> wertheim: "therefore, choose life." >> davis: "therefore, choose life." >> wertheim: this is the bible that gave him strength when he went off to war. >> davis: i think so. >> wertheim: what's it like for you holding that? >> davis: it gives me strength. >> wertheim: the bible is now housed at the japanese american museum in l.a. tucked inside the bible are reminders of what paul tatsuguchi lost. >> davis: and there is a picture of my sister. she was almost three, and i was three months. and he had not seen me. erf this bibleld >> davis: yeah, i wish it could. >> wertheim: for years, laura wondered why dick laird had been so determined to reveal that he had killed her father. then it came to her. >> davis: i wrote to him saying, "please forgive yourself." >> wertheim: what made you do that? >> davis: i started thinking. i said, "thin t beng

in attu, just as much as my father." he was protecting his country. he had to protect himself. >> wertheim: you wrote to him, "none of you should have been there, but you were. and that fact cast upon you terrible duties, duties you discharged the only way you could. what happened, happened. you were not at fault." >> davis: he was not. >> wertheim: you wanted to free him? >> davis: yeah, and i was the only one that could. >> obmascik: laird said that he read the letter and he cried. and he said it was the first time in a long time that he slept without nightmares. >> wertheim: and most improbably, laura and dick laird became friends. meeting often in tucson, where her son attended school and dick laird had retired. >> davis: he said, "i killed the wrong man, you know?" this is how he felt. >> wertheim: was it almost like he felt like he killed another

american? >> davis: yes. >> wertheim: dick laird died in 2005. as for paul tatsuguchi, near the spot where he was killed on attu, a monument to peace was erected by the japanese government. signs of the american presence still abound. so do signs of a battle lost to the rust of history. attu's been left to the snowy owls, and to the ghostly wind that will go unheard. >> the challenges of fighting and filming on attu. us ray dalio explains his principles. go to 60minutesovertime.com sponsored by pfizer. of your ulcerative colitis in a different direction. talk to your doctor about xeljanz, a pill, not an injection or infusion,

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