>> yeah. yeah. i have had some hoops, that is good moments. it is exhilarating. you should do it. you should come out. >> you're coming to washington for the tour. i am not getting into a harness and flying around. >> my daughter has done it. >> your daughter is braver than i. >> well, i am still considering her invitation. this wraps up season three of who's talking. we wilbein the fall with brand-new conversations. until then you can catch all of our episodes including pink, brad paisley and sharon stone anytime you want. thank you for watching and good evening, everyone. i'm alisyn camerota, welcome to

"cnn tonight." law enforcement in washington is ramping up security ahead of what they believe could be a new indictment against donald trump next week. and barricades are going up outside the courthouse in atlanta, where trump is under investigation for 2020 election interference. we're going to dive into next week's news tonight. also tonight, presidential hopeful will hurd just got booed for saying this. >> donald trump is running to stay out of prison. and if we elect -- [ crowd booing ] >> i know. i know. i know. i know. listen, i know the truth -- the truth is hard. >> we'll have much more on that in a moment. also, michael cohen is here. the former president's onetime lawyer knows very well how donald trump operates and how he gets his staffers to do his bidding. and if you're headed to the beach this weekend, chances are you could see a shark.

record ocean heat is pushing hungry sharks closer to the shore, like this one spotted near a crowded beach in florida. >> come out! >> get out of the water! >> hurry, hurry! >> there's a lot going on tonight. so let's begin with the legal cases confronting donald trump. cnn's senior legal affairs correspondent paula reid is here. paula, great to have you. so what of the classified documents at the heart of this case was reportedly an attack plan involving iran. what new information do you have? >> reporter: this has been such a big question in this investigation because, of course, cnn broke the news that there was a recording of the former president appearing to show an actual classified

document to people who did not have security clearances. but when the last indictment was released, that specific document was not included even though the recording was featured very prominently in the indictment. so in the superseding indictment, it was notable to see that they had added this document suggesting that the government is in possession of it and it's a top-secret document. but, alison, why wasn't this included in the first one? cnn has learned this is one of the documents that was returned to the documents. that is significant because it makes it harder to argue successfully in court that he willfully retained this. now, it could be that the intelligence community had some concern about this, that it's been resolved. it also could be that after prosecutors saw the former president on fox news insisting there was no document, they wanted to prove that he was lying. >> okay. so we've also learned that there's in new co-defendant.

so what's going to happen on monday with this new defendant in the case? >> reporter: so on monday, carlos de oliveira will make his first appearance in federal court. he has found himself at the center of this case for several reasons. one is he allegedly lied to investigators. also, this is a way that very sophisticated people, martha stewart, general petraeus, find themselves criminally vulnerable. once you allegedly make false statements to the government, they can try to press you to plea, which is what they tried to do here. now not only has he been chaed with false statements, but he's also been charged in this attempt to obstruct the obstruction. they allege that he had a conversation where he was pressing another employee at mar-a-lago about how they could delete surveillance footage. now, it's unclear how his addition to this case, these new charges, how this is going to impact the timeline for a trump case. but you can bet the defense lawyers for the former president are going to use this as they will use anything to try to push this back as far as they can.

>> paula, what more do we know about de oliveira? how did he get swept up in all this? >> reporter: you know, it's a great question. i'm sure he's wondering the same thing. this is someone who is a property manager at mar-a-lago. he's described to our colleagues as someone who's really outside the circle. he's not someone who has a lot of interactions with the former president or his close allies. it appears it's very much a case of wrong place, wrong time. he was promoted to property manager in january 2022 around the time this whole issue bubbled up, and it appears that really the most unfortunate thing he did was allegedly not be honest with investigators because that gave them an in to press him to plea. he didn't want to do that. now he's been charged in this larger alleged scheme. >> paula reid, thank you very much for all of the new information tonight. so carlos de oliveira, the mar-a-lago property manager accused of trying to delete the security camera footage at the direction of, quote, the boss is

just the latest person in donald trump's orbit to find himself in legal trouble. cnn's tom foreman reminds of just how long that list is. >> reporter: another week, another person close to donald trump in trouble. the property manager at mar-a-lago, carlos de oliveira, like trump aide walt nauta, has now been swept into the case over those classified documents, which the justice department says trump illegally took and held. trump denies it. >> this is harassment. this is election interference. >> reporter: but the charges against team trump have been mounting for years. start with steve bannon. >> i stand with trump and the constitution. >> reporter: the firebrand adviser has pleaded not guilty to new york state charges of conspiracy to money laundering and fraud, but he's been slapped with four months in prison for another matter, ignoring the congressional subpoena about the january 6th attack. his jail time is on hold while

he appeals. allen weisselberg, trump's longtime chief financial officer served roughly four months for tax fraud and was ordered to pay $2 million in back taxes, interest, and penalties. paul manafort. once trump's campaign manager, he served two years in prison for bank and tax fraud, illegal foreign lobbying, and more before trump pardoned him. also pardoned, former national security adviser michael flynn. >> the next president of the united states right here. >> reporter: he admitted lying to the fbi about his contact with russia before walking the admission back and suing the government for alleged malicious prosecution. >> he compromises almost everyone that works with him at some point or another. >> reporter: none of it surprises jack o'donnell, who worked for the trump o organization. >> i mean the man is the least compassionate, empathetic person i've ever met in my life. he doesn't care about anyone. >> reporter: and the list goes

on. george pap dap lus, rick gates, elliott brody, roger stone. all had ties to trump. all wound up in legal jeopardy. and, of course, former trump attorney michael cohen was confined three years after admitting several crimes, including campaign finance violations. he says it's simple why so many follow trump into trouble. >> look, it's not as devious as you might think. the man is a cult leader plain and simple. >> reporter: neither de oliveira nor nauta responded to cnn's request for any further comment. those are the two men most recently tied to the mar-a-lago case. but that's not really very uncommon, is it? many of those who were close to trump's inner circle have remained largely tight-lipped even as legal peril has seemed to swirl. >> tom foreman, thank you. so michael cohen will be here live in just a moment. but first, let's bring in

former u.s. attorney harry lippman and former federal prosecutor brian jacobs. harry, let me start with you. let's start with carlos de oliveira, who is the latest person to be caught up in this legal web. so according to the indictment, de oliveira helped move about 30 boxes around mar-a-lago as well as onto trump's plane, but he denied knowledge of the boxes to the fbi. so how much trouble could he be in? >> well, he was already in some trouble then, alisyn. he had several lies. they had him on surveillance footage. he was dead to rights. so they said to him, look, we want you to cooperate here and just tell us what else happened. and if you don't, we're going to charge you with something much more serious, obstruction, conspiracy to obstruct, which they also had him dead to rights on because after the doj sent a draft subpoena saying, we care about the surveillance footage, that's when he goes to employee number four, aka mr. ta vavares

and says the boss wants this deleted. and there follows all kinds of ham-handed plotting with him and nauta and tunnels and trying to figure out how you can get rid of the surveillance, et cetera. so he was in real hot water, but now it's boiling, and he did, you know, accepted and became a co-defendant. it's perplexing to say the least why he wants to be here when he certainly could have gotten an easy deal. it surely doesn't seem in his interest, nor in nauta's, and it's got all the earmarks of sort of doing it for the boss, the mob boss, in a way that really hurts your own self-interest. we'll see if reason overtakes him down the line. but for now, he was loyal. as the indictment says, trump wanted to be sure he was.

that's when trump said, okay, i'll get you a lawyer. and now here he is caught in the web of a many-year possible charge for conspiracy to obstruct justice. >> well, i think that the point you just made last explains it, brian. am i wrong? the fact that donald trump provided the attorneys for walt nauta and now carlos de oliveira and his political pac paid for the attorneys' fees. doesn't that explain why they are being loyal to donald trump instead of cooperating with prosecutors? >> they certainly made a decision not to flip. it will become less and less likely that they flip as time passes. the fact that they have lawyers who are likely working together with former president trump's lawyers on a joint defense basis also reduces the incentive to flip. and at this point, they won't get the full benefits of cooperation because the special counsel's office won't be able to say they cooperated immediately and were fully helpful. now there's already been this

passage of time. >> so the reason you know that they haven't cooperated is because they're charged. so in other words, if they had cooperated, we would see a different kind of charge or something different? >> well, there are few indications of cooperation here. one is the delay where de oliveira supposedly lied and now when he gets charged. why wasn't he charged initially in the original indictment? almost certainly the special counsel was trying to flip him and failed to do so. >> harry, what can prosecutors do when two defendants are being bankrolled basically, or their attorneys' fees are being bankrolled by another defendant, in this case, donald trump's political pac? what can prosecutors do to help make them cooperate? >> hope that they see reason. you know, there's no brass knuckles here, but they talked to the lawyers. they are duty-bound to represent their client zealously and just

put it out there. are you crazy? you have nothing to gain and everything to lose, and here's what we're coming at you with. and i agree it gets less likely as time goes on. but still, it may well be they played a game of chicken. de oliveira said, no, i'm not going to do it, and so he was charged. but it continues to make no sense for him and all the sense in the world that he just, you know, explain the things that happened because they have him now with now a series of charges. and out of nowhere, he's looking at many years in prison just because he was in the wrong place at the wrong time essentially. >> brian, how strong is this case because can't they say -- they never say donald trump's name. they say the boss as far as we know from the indictment. can't they say, i wasn't referring to donald trump. i was referring to my supervisor? >> well, certainly the case against de oliveira seems to

hinge a lot on trump employee 4. the key conversation about the boss wants these deleted, that's just a verbal conversation. so a lot is riding on the word of trump employee 4. the case against former president trump is stronger. there's the recording where he says, i could have declassified this and so forth, and there's a lot more evidence. >> sure. but i'm saying with these two, walt nauta and carlos de oliveira, can't they fall on their sword and say, i was just cleaning up. i was moving boxes because i wanted to clear out the storage room. the boss isn't donald trump. how strong is the case against them? >> i think the case is -- is modest against them. it is not as strong as the case against former president trump. the issue is saying, well, i wasn't doing it for president trump. he was their boss in the end. there's not an intermediate boss referenced in the superseding indictment. there would be a defense, but it ultimately could just not make sense to a jury. >> harry, you said this is the most mob-like conduct you've

ever seen. how so? >> well, it's so clearly -- and by mob-like, by the way, i'm thinking "goodfellas," not "the godfather." first of all, the complete loyalty to the boss. in the indictment, there's even, you know, is de oliveira to be trusted? but then, you know, the complete sort of ham-handed way they try to -- you know, they don't realize there's surveillance footage? they go after to try to just absolutely destroy the evidence, and essentially the whole loyalty point. you know, because back to what you were just saying, look, there's no -- what they're saying is, i'll do some time in prison for donald trump, and yet it doesn't make any sense, especially, by the way, when you look at donald trump's track record as a mob boss. his loyalty seems to really only go into one direction. that's towards him.

a lot of people who have counted on his loyalty have found themselves in pinstripes or close to them. >> thank you both very much for your expertise. next up, michael cohen is here to tell us how the former president gets staffers to do his bidding. >> he doesn't give you questions. he doesn't give you orders. he speaks in a code. blendjet 2 is portable, which means you can blend up nutritious smoothies, protein shakes, or frozen treats, just about anywhere! recharge quickly via usb-c. it even cleans itself. order yours now from blendjet.com and bring a little disney into your life.

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we know more tonight about the mar-a-lago property manager, carlos de oliveira, who is now entangled in an alleged cover-up on behalf of donald trump. one person who knows very well how donald trump convinces staffers to do what he wants is trump's former fixer michael cohen. michael is now the host of two podcasts, mea culpa, and political beatdown. he's also "the new york times" best-selling author of "revenge: how donald trump

weaponized the u.s. department of justice against his critics." great to have you here, michael. >> thanks, alisyn. >> you just heard lots of analysts said donald trump is acting like a mob boss. how so? >> first of all, he is not acting like a mob boss. he is a mob boss. he's a cult leader. he knows exactly how to act. he knows exactly how to tell you what he wants to be done without actually coming out and saying. >> can you tell us what that sounds like? if he's not explicitly saying, i want you to delete the security footage, what does he say? >> hey, you know those things inside the room in the ballroom, they need to -- they need to be -- they need to be wiped out. they need to -- you need to get rid of them. i mean that's something that he would say. you know what i'm talking about, you know that recording thing. i need it -- i need you to get rid of it. now all of a sudden you have de oliveira -- and i kind of feel bad for this guy. unfortunately the guy -- he doesn't -- it's the first time probably in his life that donald

spent any time with him. so now all of a sudden, he's feeling good about himself. oh, my god, the boss told me to take care of something. i got to take care of it. this is his job. this is what he does. without thinking about the consequences. >> all of his neighbors and family report that he worked there for 20 years. he started as, i think, a car valet or something. he worked his way up. so the fact that donald trump had this 24-minute phone call with him, what would be -- is that customary? >> no. i mean that is skexcessively lo. i've had phone calls like that, 24 minutes, sure, like right after something significant happened, right? where we would go through, you know, bit by bit by bit by bit. but donald trump is not a telephone guy. >> right. so in this case, what's he say forg 24 minutes? >> he must have been explaining everything he wanted in order to ensure it gets done. here's, for example, where he

made a big mistake. >> who? >> donald. he has no idea what he's talking about when it comes to the technology. get rid of it. get rid of it. so this guy thinks by going ahead and getting rid of or deleting the server, that it would get rid of the footage that, of course, the government was looking for. no. what he failed to remember is that at 721 fifth avenue, trump tower, the chief operating officer is in charge of all of the security. so there's a program that goes into the server that's in their office where they can see any camera that's attached to any property that has a trump name to it, and they could watch it in real time. so it's being stored not just onto the program but also onto another server. so this had to have also, at some point in time, gone through trump tower if, in fact, the goal was to delete. >> so we're not saying matt

calamari's name in the indictment. >> i don't know. there's several different ways you could look at it. is he cooperating? is that a possibility? >> is it? >> look, if i was matt, after seeing what happened to me, especially to protect his son, sure. i would be providing truthful information. look, i know what it's like to get charged with 1,001 violation. i want to remind all of your viewers, my 1,001 violation had nothing to do with national security secrets. it had to do with the number of times i stated to congress that, you know, i spoke to donald about a failed trump tower -- >> you went to prison for three years. >> i went to prison for that. so imagine what de oliveira or tavares or any of these other folks that will get caught up in this web -- imagine what they're going to look at. >> because you had that experience, michael, what is it like to be between a prosecutor who wants you to cooperate and

donald trump, who really doesn't want you to cooperate and wants loyalty? what are those messages that you're getting from both sides? what's that like? >> it's like getting hit with a sledgehammer to the right side of your head, and then as soon as you turn to the left, you're getting hit with a sledgehammer again but on the other side. that's what it's like. look, let's not forget, especially at the time, donald trump was the president of the united states of america. he was the most powerful man on the planet. then i had these wackadoodle prosecutors from the southern district of new york threatening that if i didn't plead guilty in 48 hours, they were going to indict my wife. and so which way do you turn? left, right, left, right? they don't play fair. but then again, neither does donald. so as i said before, de oliveira, tavares, all of these folks caught up in the web, they're going to understand what it's like to be stuck between a tsunami, a typhoon, a hurricane, and whatever else. >> you must understand what a powerful inducement it is for

them that donald trump has found their attorneys for them and that he is -- his political pac is paying the attorneys' fees. i'm sure they don't have the money for that. >> yeah. well, the first thing they should do is separate out and figure out -- i'm sure there's somebody out there that would do it on pro bono if, in fact, they would come clean and tell the truth. the reason i say that, you may remember what happened with me and bob costello. bob costello was a plant in from giuliani in order to glean information from what we were doing in order to feed it back to the boss, right? it goes right back to the mob scenario. this is what they do. donald trump doesn't care about olivera. he doesn't care what happens to him and his family. he doesn't care what's going to happen to tavares or anyone else, walter nauta. he's another guy i've told on many different shows, run. i know he was a former military. i'm sure he's pretty good at running. put on your sneakers and start

running because the faster you get away from this mess -- >> it's a little late for that. he's already a co-defendant now. remember how exorcised donald trump was about hillary clinton's server and when he thought she was wiping information on her computer server. he talked about it a lot. here it is. >> she set up this illegal server knowing full well that her actions put our national security at risk and put the safety and security of your children at risk. there has never been anything like this where emails, and you get a subpoena. you get a subpoena, and after getting the subpoena, you delete 33,000 emails. and then you acid watch them or bleach them. >> he is now charged with doing that very thing. what are voters to make of this? >> yeah. this is a big problem. first of all, we're talking about the same bleach that he wanted to stick into your lungs in order to get rid of covid. but this is typical donald trump

deflection. that's all that he's doing. things that he knows that he did or would do, he then was imposing on somebody else, in this case, hillary clinton. he has no respect for the law. he has no respect for the constitution. he truly doesn't care about anyone or anything. all he wants is what he wants, just like a petulant child. >> michael, thank you very much. we just want to clarify cnn has no information about bob costello, the information that you have, just clarifying. thanks for all this. always great to have you here. great to talk to you. thanks for the insights. >> anytime. >> have a great weekend. meanwhile, gop presidential hopefuls are attempting to woo iowa voters tonight. we're going to tell you who was cheered and who got booed. baby, only on game nights. you know you are retired right? am i? ya! save up to $500 on the new sleep number® smart bed. plus, 60 month financing on most smart beds. shop now only at sleep number®. we used to struggle with greasy messes.

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13 gop presidential hopefuls gathering in iowa tonight for the lincoln dinner.

during their speeches, some hit on culture wars. others took aim at former president trump. >> donald trump is not running for president to make america great again. donald trump is running to stay out of prison. and if we elect -- >> you will be voting in iowa while multiple criminal cases are pending against former president trump. >> they want to weaponize the irs just like they've weaponized the justice department and the fbi. and by the way, if i weren't running, i would have nobody coming after me. >> we have to win the cultural war here at home. >> i'm not budging an inch. we are going to fight back against these people, and we are not letting them take over our schools any longer. >> okay. let's bring in cnn political analyst coleman hughes and a former digital organizer for hillary clinton. great to have you here. will hurd, that was very

interesting. by the way, we were just playing a little montage there. that went on for 30 seconds. he was talking about former president trump, and he was being booed and having to navigate that for 30 long seconds. >> i want to be impressed, and i totally agree with what he's saying. at the same time, if will hurd wanted to actually take action, he could have done so in 2019 when he was a member of congress. he instead voted not to impeach donald trump. guess what, we wouldn't be in this situation right now had he and other reasonable republicans actually taken that action. >> what do you think? >> i admire anyone who can get up in front of a crowd and be booed for 30 seconds because that's not easy. unfortunately hurd is wrong. obviously trump launched his campaign before he knew about, like, all of these indictments and before these were taken seriously. >> but don't you think that donald trump knew that he was -- there were legal entanglements that were coming up? >> i think his ego and sense of invincibility is so strong that he doesn't think he's going to be held accountable for

anything. at least he didn't at the time that he started -- >> so you don't think that donald trump is running just to avoid some sort of -- >> i think he knew he was going to run the day he realized he wasn't going to be able to overturn the election. now, has it lit a fire under him that he knows the way to state out of prison might be to get elected? sure. but i don't think that's the raison d'etre of his campaign. >> i don't know about that. first of all, given the amount of evidence against him, it is possible the only way he avoids prison is by winning the presidency. i do think everyone in his orbit was panicked this entire time about him being prosecuted and knew that multiple prosecutions were going to come down. that's part of why they did all this. that's why they stole these secrets. you know, i think they have this thing called gray mail where, you know, they try to threaten prosecutors with, we're going to expose these state secrets so you don't come after me. they actually had to pass a law,

which is this stuff they're going back and forth with judge cannon, how to go over this information and classify it appropriately. >> let's move on to what else is happening this week in iowa because tim scott went after ron desantis for this new curriculum for african-american history. in florida, there is this new portion of african american history that says in the curriculum, instruction includes how slaves developed skills which in some instancecould be applied for their personal benefit. many people find that offensive. tim scott is one of them. here's what he had to say about that. >> there's no silver lining in slavery. what slavery was, was really about separating families, about mutilating humans, and raping their wives. it was just devastating.

people have bad days. sometimes they regret what they say. we should ask them again to clarify their positions. >> he says there's no silver lining in slavery. then ron desantis today in iowa went after him. let's listen to him. >> part of the reason our country has struggled is because d.c. republicans all too often accept false narratives, accept lies that are perpetrated by the left. >> i don't think it's a false narrative. we just read the curriculum out loud. it exists in there. what do you think, coleman? >> i think it is a false narrative. i think desantis is right on this one. if you look at the whole curriculum, it requires teaching the, quote, harsh conditions and their consequences of slavery -- this is a 200-page document. not all of those pages were about slavery, but it requires teaching the harsh conditions. it requires teaching about the middle passage and has one sentence which says, as you quoted, the fact that enslaved people, quote, developed skills which, in me instances, could

be applied for their personal benefit. now, some people are interpreting that to mean there was a silver lining to slavery. that's not what it says. it says they developed some skills that in some instances they used, right? that is true, right? people -- after the civil war, people went to work, and they used the skills that they had. >> right. >> many of which were -- >> they could have also not been enslaved and developed those skills. what's the point of including that sentence? >> well, almost every a.p. history curriculum about slavely teaches the fact that there were specialized trades. that were slaves that learned blacksmithing, for instance. you may object to the phrasing of this, but you can't object to the meaning of it. >> if you get kidnapped, you learned survival skills. why would you ever say that to somebody who was kidnappkidnapp? what's the benefit in pointing this out? i think the bigger story for me is you have tim scott, nikki haley, sort of these pawns being propped up, these black and

brown pawns to be a shield against this charge that the republican party is racist. and the very second byron donald says, actually, i don't agree with this part of the curriculum, he's, you know, a supposed conservative. the minute tim scott dares protest, you know, he's a d.c. republican. he's no longer one of them in just a half second. i think that really calls out just how sort of empty this, you know, kind of guise we have these diverse candidates running as. >> i think this is a deliberate twisting of words by tim scott in order to injure his political opponent. if this state curriculum wanted to minimize the horror of slavery, why would they require teaching the harsh conditions and consequences? why would they require -- >> because there's no way around those. >> people found ways around it throughout american history. they require teaching about the infant mortality, the malnutrition. i think this is a twisting of words of what is in general a good-faith description of an aspect of the history. >> it's a 200-page curriculum.

i would argue there's millions of pages that have been written about slavery. the benefits of slavery don't rank among the top -- >> that's your words. the benefits of slavery is how you're phrasing it. that appears nowhere in the document. >> it was all about how obama was using the public school system to indoctrinate children. that's exactly what we're seeing play out right now, which is that, you know, not only this, but they just announced that prager university, a right-wing propaganda outlet, can now show cartoons in public schools. this is scary stuff happening in florida. >> gentlemen, thank you very much. really appreciate the debate. thank you for all of that. if you think there's more shark sightings lately, you're not wrong. sharks are behaving differently this summer. we're going to tell you what's happening next. pool party essential. blendjet gives you ice-crushing, big blender power on-the-go, so you can soak up the sun with a frosty beverage. enjoy 15+ blends before rapidly recharging via usb-c.

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if you're heading to the beach this weekend, chances are you could see a shark. you're not crazy. there are more shark sightings this summer. and sharks are behaving differently. they've changed their location and they're hungrier. take a look at what happened in florida over fourth of july weekend. >> get out! >> come out! >> get out of the water! >> good god, people. >> okay. joining us now from our sister network, discovery, which airs "shark week," wildlife biologist forrest galante. what's going on? why are sharks getting closer to the shore? >> well, alisyn, it's one of the

hottest summers we've ever seen and the sea surface temperatures are changing slightly. partly in the northeast, there's an increase in bunker populations, which are small bait fish. that's bringing in larger prey species like striped bass and seals. so with all of those factors at play, what you have is sharks that are hunting close to the shore. and, of course, people are going to the beaches. they're hanging out close to shore themselves. so we're seeing an increased likelihood of an incounter more than anything else. >> forrest, i've also read that the ocean, because it's getting hotter, that is speeding up the shark's metabolism, and that makes them hungrier. then what happens? >> yeah. well, that's a good question, and as jaws-y as that sounds, it requires more energy for sharks to live. they have to burn more calories just to stay alive, just to swim. so they're feeding more.

but what the sharks ultimately end up doing is leaving these stagnant warm water zones and traveling to new areas. some of those areas are deeper in the sea where the water is cooler, and some of them, particularly in the northern hemisphere, are further north. so it's really changing the behavior and the dynamic of the sharks so that they can continue to survive and thrive. they're moving location, and they're changing how they eat and what they eat more so than just eating more in general. at the end of the day, what i'm trying to say is we're not in any more danger. it's the sharks who are actually in danger. >> i do want to get to how the sharks are in danger. but just to make sure we're not in any more danger, if they are closer to the shore where we're swimming and they're hungrier, is it more likely they would eat humans? >> it's really not, and i'll explain why. because ultimately sharks do not view human beings as a prey source. anytime we have a negative shark encounter, it is because of a case of mistaken identity. often that's in low-visibility

areas, high turbidity areas, near to where people are fishing or cutting bait. so the sharks are in a feeding mode, and they make a mistake. but unfortunately when a shark makes a mistake, it makes an investigative bite and then goes, yuck, i don't want to eat that. they don't have hands to feel and figure out is that something i want to eat? they have to taste it. that's why a lot of these bites that we've seen this summer are not fatal. they're terrible accidents nonetheless, but they're not fatal attacks because the sharks aren't actually trying to eat people. they're having a taste and going, whoa, this is not what i signed up for, before moving on to continue to look for the prey they're hoping for. >> now let's talk about sharks' health and survivability. i didn't know that they are some of the most endangered marine animals on the planet. and so now what? i mean now that they're in trouble, what's the answer? >> yeah. it's a good question. you know, the one silver lining

is sharks are one of the oldest living organisms on the planet. they're incredibly adaptable. one quote i like to use is sharks have been around longer than trees. i'm a silver linings guy. i always like to think of the positive. i like to think and hope that sharks will figure out a way to survive. all that being said, things are changing. climate is changing and things are shifting in the ocean, and sharks are shifting their behaviors because of that. and so they are up against stress and pressure that's compounding not just from the heated sea but from the acidification of choorals. so this set of compounding factors is driving their population to a mere fraction of what it should be, and that's a big cause for concern, alisyn, because ultimately a sea without sharks is not a good thing for us as human beings. it means that our survivability goes down tremendously because

sharks are docents of the ocean, and the ocean is the most important life force on our planet when it comes to oxygen, rain, temperature control, and more. so it is a scary thought. >> well, i really appreciate that shift in perspective, that we don't have to see them as these predators, that we can see them as obviously harbingers of health of the ocean and that we need to protect them. forrest galante, thanks so much. >> always. thanks, alisyn. >> great. we'll be right back.

after the pandemic, math and reading scores in the u.s. fell to their lowest levels in decades. black children have long lagged behind in literacy with only 17%

of black fourth graders able to read proficiently. this week's cnn hero is working to change that. former first grade teacher alvin irvy believes that giving kids the opportunity and encouragement to read for fun is vitally important. today his program brings books someplace that black boys visit regularly, barbershops. >> what's up, man? how are you doing? >> we install a child-friendly reading space in the barbershop. we literally ask little black boys, what do you like to read? then those are the books we district to our national network of barbers. use the opportunity when they're sitting in the chair to just even talk to them about books. many black boys are raised by single mothers. so there's this opportunity to support barbers in becoming black male reading role models. i'm just excited that we get to create a safe space for boys to

do something that is really life-changing. that's what i really believe reading is. it unlocks potential. >> to learn more about alvin's program, go to cnnheroes.com. don't forget to nominate someone you think should be a hero. nominations close july 31st. thanks so much for watching "cnn tonight." our coverage continues now. ♪ what? tween milestones like this... may start at age 9. hpv vaccination, a type of cancer prevention... against certain hpv-related cancers... can start then too. for most people, hpv clears on its own. test. test. testing. testing. test, test test. at the time. . testing.

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